SAMBA BRAZIL ART AND CULTURE

The Brazilian culture owes its origin to the Portuguese who invaded the country long back and established their supremacy over the land. With them they imbibed the Roman Catholic faith among the common general masses of Brazil, which still continues to exert dominant influence over the Brazilian populace. Also with the passage of time, other tribes and religious groups asserted their control over the natives of the land as the Amerindian's significantly molded Brazil's language, music, cuisine and religion. The Yoruba's from Southwestern part of Nigeria made its strong inroads into the traditional Brazilian religion. European countries as Italy and Germany also left behind strokes of western effect on the Brazilian art and culture. But towards the last half of 20th century, the cultural scenario of Brazil underwent a sea change with the intermingling of various foreign cultures especially in the field of cinema and modern art. The inter caste marriages of Portuguese with Indians, the invasions by the Dutch and French, the Spanish rule and later the immigration of Italians, Germans and Japanese to this land widely contributed to the growth of ethnicity of Brazil's culture.

YOGYAKARTA, Cultural and Natural disasters

Special Region of Yogyakarta is a province based on the Sultanate and the Duchy Pakualaman Ngayogyakarta. Also added is also my ex-Kasunanan region Surakarta Sultanate and Praja Mangkunagaran had previously been an enclave in Yogyakarta.
The area was hit by the earthquake on 27 May 2006 and now grief stricken due to the eruption of Mount Merapi


Government of Yogyakarta Special Region origins can be traced from 1945, even before that. A few weeks after the proclamation of 17 August 1945, at the insistence of the people and after seeing the conditions that exist, Hamengkubuwono IX issued a royal decree, known as 5 September 1945 Mandate Wikisource-logo.svg. The contents of the decree is a monarchy integration into the Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta. Substantially similar decree was issued by the Paku Alam VIII on the same day. Decree for integration with the Republic of Indonesia such actually was issued by the various monarchs in the archipelago, although not a few of the monarchy is waiting for the enforcement of the Netherlands East Indies after the defeat of Japan.

Most of the economies in Yogyakarta supported by the results of cultivation, trade, crafts (silver handicrafts, handmade leather puppets, and crafts webbing), and tourism. But there are also some residents who live from the expansion of education as a boarding house for students. Is a common sight when you got to the station or at the bus stop Yogyakarta special place of rest, tourist buses, you will be welcomed by many pedicab drivers. They will deliver you to your destination anywhere decent for you to enjoy such as clothing stores, bakpia stores, malls, or simply buy a souvenir. You would be surprised after the pedicab driver to take you around town all day, they will only charge a low. Why so? Apparently they've got part of the drive you into the stores earlier.
[Edit] Transportation
The railway station in Yogyakarta.

Culture

Yogyakarta is still very thick with Javanese culture. Art and culture are an integral part in the life of the people of Yogyakarta. From childhood to adulthood, the people of Yogyakarta will very often witnessed and even participated in various arts and cultural events in the city. For the people of Yogyakarta, where every stage of life has its own meaning, tradition is an important and still performed today. Tradition also must not be separated from art that was presented in ceremonies that tradition. Art owned by the people of Yogyakarta are extremely diverse. And art-art that is diverse beautifully strung in a traditional ceremony. So for the people of Yogyakarta, art and culture really become an integral part of their lives. Typical Arts in Yogyakarta include kethoprak, jathilan, and puppet kulit.yogyakarta also known as silver and unique style of making batik dyed fabric. he was also known for his contemporary art of living. Provide the name of the child is still an important thing children nams Java. Yogyakarta is also known with gamelan music, including the unique style Gamelan Yogyakarta

BROMO AND KASODO CULTURE

He origins of society perch (ceremony Kasodo)


Kasodo ceremony was the largest ceremony for the Tengger. Kasodo ceremony associated with the legend about asalusul Tenggerese. Based on the story of the legend is, at the end of the 15th century, when the power of Majapahit begins to decline, a princess of the Majapahit kingdom, Roro Anteng, with her husband, Joko Seger, withdrew to the region around Mount Bromo and build a small empire with the name of the Tengger. The name is taken from the last syllable and the couple. Kingdom is well developed. However, the ruling partner is not blessed with offspring.

In desperation, Roro and Joko Seger Anteng climb the peak of Mount Bromo and prayed for help to the gods. The gods grant their request on condition that the youngest child born to be sacrificed to the volcano crater. The requirements were approved by the couple. Not long later was born a child of the couple. However, the gods be generous so that in subsequent years 24 children born to the couple. However, when the Queen heard that her son is the 25th named Kesuma is the last child and must be sacrificed, she did not have the heart to fulfill that promise.

In the anger of the gods threatened to spew fire and brimstone from the mountain. In the end, there is no other choice for the couple, except the last throw his son into the crater of Mount Bromo. Immediately after the sacrifice made that child's voice asks on the Tengger people and their descendants to do the ceremony once a year at Mount Bromo. The ceremony was intended to commemorate the event and to dampen the anger of the gods.


Origin Legend Kasada Ceremony

According to the story, the origin Kasada ceremony occurred a few centuries ago. UB Dynasty during the reign of the Majapahit Kingdom. The empress blessed with a daughter who was named Roro Anteng, after the princess before the adults get a pair of caste Brahmin boy named Joko Seger.

At the time of the Majapahit Empire began to decline and at the same time the spread of Islam in Java, a royal courtier and some relatives decided to move to the east, and partially towards the Tengger Mountains region including the pair Rara Anteng.

Couple Rara Anteng build settlements and then reigned in the region as Purbowasesa Mangkurat Tengger Ing Tengger, meaning "Lord of the Tengger Yang Budiman". Tengger name taken from the final syllable name Anteng Rara.

The word also means Tenggering Tengger Budi Luhur or the introduction of high morals, a symbol of eternal peace. From time to time Tenggerese prosperous and peaceful life, but the ruler does not feel happy, because after a while the couple Rara Anteng and Jake Tengger married yet also blessed with offspring. Then decided to ride to the top of Mount Bromo to meditate with full trust in the Almighty for karuniai descent.

Suddenly there are voices saying that magical meditation but they will be granted on condition that when you've get a descent, the youngest child to be sacrificed to the crater of Mount Bromo, Couples Roro Anteng menyanggupinya and then the acquisition of 25 people sons and daughters, but the instincts of people parents still can not bear losing his sons and daughters. In a word pair Rara Anteng break a promise, God became angry with threatening to inflict evil, then there was a tempest state into darkness of the crater of Mount Bromo spewing fire.

Kesuma youngest daughter disappeared from view terjilat fire and into the crater of Bromo, concurrent loss of Kesuma magical voice came: "My brothers and sisters that I love, I have been sacrificed by our parents and Hyang Widi save you all.

Live a peaceful and serene, worship Hyang Widi. I remind you every month for Kasada on day-to-14 hold offerings to Hyang Widi in the crater of Mount Bromo. This practice was followed for generations by people Tengger and every year a ceremony was held at Poten Kasada sea of sand and crater of Mount Bromo.

 Poten Bromo
As a Hindu Tengger Tribe unlike Hindus in general, have temples as places of worship, but when do worship housed in punden, Danyang and potent.

Poten is a plot of land in the sea of sand as the venue for the ceremony Kasada. As a place of worship for the Hindu Tengger, potent consists of several buildings arranged in an order of composition in the yard which is divided into three Mandala / zones, namely:

MANDALA MAIN


Also called viscera are places of worship praying implementation that consists of:

Padmaberfungsi as a similar form developed temple complete with pepalihan. Its main function is a place of worship of God Almighty, Padma did not use a roof that consists of the so-called side: foot, body / shelf and head called the sari comes with Bedawang, Nala, Garuda and Goose.

Bedawang Nalamelukiskan giant tortoise supports the Padmasana, wrapped by one or two male dragon, eagle and the geese flying in the rear position padma bodies, each according to mythology describes the majesty of form and function of Padmasana.

Building Sekepat (pillar four) or larger located on the side of the building sehadapan with cult / Padmasana, facing east or in accordance with the orientation of buildings of worship and open all four sides. Its function is to serve facilities or activities of a series of ritual ceremonies. Bale Pawedan and where shamans during worship.

Kori Agung Temple Bentar, shaped like the head statue wore a crown coil rectangular or square much smaller multistory buildings to the top with rectangular or square with sides a lot of edges around alit fathoms, fathoms or fathoms great middle. High buildings can range from as large or as high as the monument to about 100 meters allows also made higher by considering the beauty of the proportions of the temple while.

For the entrance of the temple courtyard of temples to the theater side Jaba / insult or Jaba the middle / main theater can be a noose or kori grand temple with various ornaments. For the entrance of the temple courtyard of Jaba middle / Madya Mandala Mandala Madya according to the innards of beauty and function of the proportion of terraced roofs of three to eleven according to its function. For entrance is located on the wall Penyengker / divider temple courtyard.

MANDALA Associate
Also called Jaba the middle, where the preparation and ceremony accompaniment consists of:

Kori Agung Temple Bentar, the shape is similar to the monument, his head wearing a crown coil rectangular or square much smaller multistory buildings to the top with a square, rectangle or polygon with sides about an elite fathoms, fathoms middle, great fathoms.

Bale gong, called kul-kul bale is located in the front corner of the temple yard, side: its composition, shelf, cider and roof coverings kul-kul/kentongan room. Its function is to place that sounded the kul-kul beginning, end and a certain moment of the series of ceremonies.

Bale Bengong, also called holy Pewarengan Jaba located between the middle / intermediate mandala, mandala insult / Jaba side. The form of the building of four square or elongated row of two-pole two or more building area for the kitchen. Its function is to prepare for presentation ceremonies that need to be prepared in the temple which is generally far from the village settlements.

mandala stigma
Also called Jaba sides of the transition from outside to inside the temple which consists of building the temple briefly / other support buildings. Temple courtyard bordered by walls Penyengker yard line in front of the entrance or in jabaan middle / side of the temple wearing a while and the main entrance to the innards using Kori Agung.

Wall Penyengker moment and kori majestic temple there are various forms of creation according to the variety and beauty of its architecture. Temple building in general is facing west, entering the temple toward the east as well as worship and praying facing eastward toward the rising sun.

Composition of the temple building periods in a row between the south or south-south on the east side facing west and partly on the north side facing south.


Yadnya Kasada (Ceremony Kasada)

On the night of the 14th Month Kasada adherents of Hinduism Tenggerese (Mahayana Buddhism according to Hindu Parisada East Java) in droves to the summit of Mount Bromo, by bringing ongkek containing offerings of various agricultural products, livestock and so on, then thrown into the crater of Mount Bromo as offerings to the god he believed Bromo lives in Mount Bromo. The ceremony was the victim begged Tenggerese get the blessing and salvation given by the Almighty.

Kasada ceremony begins with the inaugural staging of ballet elders Tengger and Jaka Seger Anteng Rara on an open stage Ngadisari Village. Then promptly at 24.00 in the morning held the inauguration of the shaman and the blessing of the people on potent sea of sand of Mount Bromo. Shaman for the Tengger is a leader in the field of religious people, who usually led the ritual ceremonies as weddings. Before the inauguration of the deities have to pass exams by rote and recite mantras.

After the ceremony finished, ongkek - ongkek containing the offerings brought from the foot to the top of the crater of Mount Bromo. And they threw into the crater, as a symbol of the sacrifices made by their ancestors. Inside the crater there are many beggars and people who live dipedalaman perch, they are far distant days come to Mount Bromo and establish residence dikawah Mount Bromo in the hope they get thrown offerings. Residents who threw offering a variety of fruits and livestock products, they regard it as a vow or their gratitude to the god of livestock and agricultural abundance. Activities perch population residing inland dikawah bromo mountain we can see from night until noon Kasada Bromo.